how does one obtain ccna certification

how does one obtain ccna certification

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Location of Firewalls The following is a short sample configuration of a switch. I have included the switchport command, which tells the switch to act as a switch port for Layer 2, as opposed to Layer 3. This command would be added on a multilayer switch such as a 3660. Similarly, you can configure the switch port to use 802.1Q instead of ISL, as illustrated in the output below: You should also note that there is often a difference between physical and logical topology. Physical topology is how the network appears when you look at it, whereas logical topology is how the network sees itself. The most common topologies are described in the following sections. Switch1#show interface FastEthernet0/2 　MTU is 1500 bytes [Truncated Output] The following output shows how to configure the trunk to use ISL trunking: IPv6 is enabled,how does one obtain ccna certification, link-local address is FE80::213:19FF:FE86:A20 Global unicast address(es): Switching Concepts The Need for Switches Prefix advertisement You can see that each numbering system starts with a zero, so: Network devices can communicate within their local subnet but are unable to communicate with devices outside the local network. This usually indicates that you have some type of issue with the gateway configuration or operation. Default router information Flags and/or Options fields 1.9Compare and contrast IPv4 address types Stateful versus Stateless Firewalls IPv6 Stateful Autoconfiguration We still refer to groups of IP addresses as classes, but with the introduction of subnet masking and VLSM, they are actually no longer applicable to network design. Address classes are useful to know, though, because they show us which parts of the IP address we can and can’t use for our mini-networks (subnets). Decimal = 21 Upon receiving the RS message, routers advertise their presence using RA messages, which typically include prefix information for the local link as well as any additional configuration, such as suggested hop limits. The information contained within the RA is illustrated in Figure 3.13 below: Physical versus Logical N - Not advertised, C - Calendar The role of the Transport Layer is to break down the data from the higher layers into smaller parts, which are referred to as segments (at this layer). Virtual circuits are set up here, which are required before devices can communicate. z RouterB(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 RouterB(config-if)#no shut If, for some reason, in the exam they asked you to identify the host addresses and broadcast address (for extra points), you can easily add these. I will put them in for the first few subnets: 2 GigabitEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s) 1.14Compare and contrast IPv6 address types Port Mode Encapsulation Status Native vlan Fa0/15 on 802.1q trunking 1 A switch port, which is defined as an access link, can be a member of only one VLAN. The device connected to the access link is not aware of the Hardware is CPU Interface, address is 0010.1127.2388 (bia 0010.1127.2388) Internet address is 192.168.1.3/24 1.13Configure and verify IPv6 Stateless Address Auto Configuration Next up, the practicalities of using IP addresses – which ones can be used and which ones can’t be used? 5 RnD active [Truncated Output] Switching Frames The output for the show interface trunk command will now look like this: 　MTU is 1500 bytes [Truncated Output] Switch2(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q Switch2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk You should already be familiar with basic networking concepts but as a refresher, when describing various network devices, the following terminology is often used: 1.14.bUnique local These are all Class A addresses because they are within the range of 1 to 126. 127 is not a permitted number for IP addresses; 127.0.0.1 is actually an You could start off with 172.16.0.0, but the problem with that is it would take quite some time to count up in multiples of 8 before you got to 172.16.100.11 this way, and the exam is a timed one. Therefore, you need to fast track the counting process. Access switches send and receive traffic from endpoints; Distribution switches are the intelligence of the network, providing redundancy, QoS, and filtering; and Collision domain: includes all devices that share the same bandwidth; collision domains are separated by switch ports Switch1#show interface trunk Vendors are assigned an address called an Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI), which forms the first half of the MAC address. They are then free to create the second half of the address according to their own numbering system. A MAC address is 48 binary bits, so my address above consists of: This topology was created with the first Ethernet networks, where all devices had to be connected to a thick cable referred to as the backbone. If the backbone cable fails, then the network goes down. If a cable linking the device to the backbone cable fails, then only that device will lose connection. 1.8Configure, verify, and troubleshoot IPv4 addressing and subnetting Technical Support: www.cisco.com/techsupport Copyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 04:52 by pt_team and steal some of the available host bits on the last octet, During this transition period, hosts on the local network segment use two Unicast addresses: one from the old prefix and one from the new prefix. Any current connections using the old prefix are still handled; however, any new connections from these hosts are made using the new prefix. When the old prefix expires, only the new prefix is used. Switch#telnet 192.168.1.1 Vlan1 is administratively down, line protocol is down Figure 5.22 below shows network cables physically connected to an IP phone: Figure 1.2 below shows a close-up of ports on a Cisco 2960 switch. Several models of the 2960 are available to meet the needs of a small- to medium- sized business. Please check Cisco release notes for more information on port functions and model differences. Only a few years ago, due to costs, networks were still pretty small. This meant that you could simply plug all devices into a hub or a number of hubs. The hub’s job was to boost the signal on the network cable, if required, and Figure 2.4 below shows a multicast packet capture. Multicast addresses cannot be used for hosts on a network. You will usually see multicast addresses used by routing protocols to send updates to devices configured as part of the routing domain that needs to receive routes. They can also be used by streaming video events such as concerts. Multicast addresses range from Frame flooding is illustrated in Figure 5.11 below. While troubleshooting IPv6 in a network can vary greatly depending on the routing protocol and transport mechanisms in use, this section is dedicated only to troubleshooting IPv6 addressing. Beyond checking the interface for typos (which is a common reason for IPv6 addressing issues) you should be valid lifetime 2591967 preferred lifetime 604767 You could start off with 172.16.0.0, but the problem with that is it would take quite some time to count up in multiples of 8 before you got to 172.16.100.11 this way, and the exam is a timed one. Therefore, you need to fast track the counting process. Decimal = 26 An IPv6 address is 128 bits in length and this is broken down into eight sets of 16 bits each separated by a colon when written in full format. Every 4 hex bits can range from 0000 to FFFF, with F being the highest digit available in hex numbering: Please also read bonus stuff on VLSM on the passhot.com website. And on to London 3: These are all Class A addresses because they are within the range of 1 to 126. 127 is not a permitted number for IP addresses; 127.0.0.1 is actually an From the output above, you can see that the EUI-64 address is indeed valid and is based on the MAC address of the interface. In addition, the address is global, as the seventh bit has been enabled (i.e., contains a non-zero value). Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)#interface Serial0/1/0 ‹ put your serial # here Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 Router(config-if)#interface Loopback0 Success rate is 80 percent (4/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 62/62/63 ms you get two stolen bits on the last octet. This gives you the following subnets, each with 62 hosts: A very useful resource I’ve created is www.subnetting.org, which gives you free challenge questions to solve around subnetting and network design. After enabling IPv6 routing globally, the ipv6 address [ipv6-address/prefix- length | prefix-name sub-bits/prefix-length | anycast | autoconfig | dhcp | eui-64 | link-local] interface configuration command can be used to configure interface IPv6 addressing. The [ipv6-address/prefix-length] keyword is used to specify the IPv6 prefix and prefix length assigned to the interface.

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